The Anthropological Principles in the Works of Muslim Travelers: Ahmad ibn Fadlan as a Case Study

Abstract

This article addresses one of the significant topics in the history of anthropological thought: the origins of anthropological principles among Muslim travelers. It highlights the works of one of the most distinguished figures in this domain, the explorer Ahmad ibn Fadlan, who visited numerous regions, including the lands of the Turks, the Saqaliba (Slavs), the Rus, and others. Through a detailed examination of his Risala (travel account), the study classifies his observations within the general field of anthropology. Specific examples are drawn to illustrate that his contributions encompassed the three main branches of anthropology—physical, social, and cultural. The article concludes that, although this work did not reach the level of formal anthropology as a modern scientific discipline, it can nevertheless be classified within what is termed anthropological thought, which collectively contributed to the emergence of this scientific field.