The Role of Endowments (Awqaf) in Supporting Economic and Social Activity in Medieval Morocco

Abstract

The institution of awqaf (Islamic endowments) represented one of the most important pillars of economic and social life in medieval Morocco. Functioning as a sustainable mechanism for the redistribution of wealth and the financing of public services, awqaf played a crucial role in supporting religious, educational, economic, and charitable activities throughout the Moroccan medieval period. Endowed properties, including agricultural lands, commercial establishments, urban real estate, and productive assets, generated continuous revenues that were allocated to the maintenance of mosques, schools, hospitals, roads, water systems, and welfare institutions. Through these functions, awqaf contributed significantly to urban development, economic stability, and social solidarity. They also provided assistance to vulnerable groups such as the poor, widows, orphans, travelers, and students, thereby strengthening social cohesion and reducing inequalities within society. The growth of the waqf system under successive Moroccan dynasties reflected both religious commitment and an advanced understanding of resource management and public welfare. This study explores the multifaceted role of awqaf in supporting economic and social activities in medieval Morocco, highlighting their contribution to sustainable development, institutional stability, and the flourishing of Moroccan civilization. It argues that the waqf institution served not only as a religious practice but also as an effective socio-economic framework that facilitated long-term development and enhanced the quality of life across different sectors of society.