Justice Across Traditions: A Comparative Study of Islamic and Western Philosophy

Abstract

Justice is a central concept in both Islamic and Western philosophical traditions, shaping moral, political, and social thought. While Western philosophy often conceptualizes justice through rationalist, contractualist, or utilitarian frameworks, Islamic philosophy situates justice within divine law, ethical conduct, and social equilibrium. This paper explores the concept of justice across these traditions, examining philosophical foundations, approaches to moral and political order, and practical implications. Key thinkers include Plato, Aristotle, John Rawls, al-Farabi, al-Mawardi, and contemporary Islamic philosophers. The comparative study highlights convergences and divergences in defining justice, the role of law, individual and societal responsibilities, and the pursuit of the common good. By examining justice in both frameworks, the paper seeks to illuminate shared ethical insights and tensions, offering a nuanced understanding of justice as a cross-cultural moral ideal.