Philosophy of Education and the Decline of Critical Reason

Abstract

Critical reasoning has traditionally been the cornerstone of education, fostering independent thought, analytical skills, and democratic engagement. However, contemporary educational systems face challenges that may undermine the cultivation of critical reason, including standardized testing, performative metrics, ideological polarization, and the rise of digital and media-driven forms of knowledge consumption. This paper explores the philosophical foundations of education, examining the historical role of critical reason in shaping human development and civic responsibility. Drawing on classical and modern thinkers—Socrates, John Dewey, Paulo Freire, and contemporary philosophers of education—the study analyzes systemic, cultural, and technological factors contributing to the erosion of critical thinking. The paper argues that restoring critical reason in education requires both pedagogical reform and philosophical reflection, emphasizing inquiry, dialogue, and reflective judgment as central educational objectives.